Excellent question. I'm sure this already exists, but if it doesn't it would be fantastic to have an archive with a toy example/challenge similar to Project Euler (https://projecteuler.net/archives)
but with more "high level" algorithms with concrete and concise examples.
For lack of a better place, this is a good starting point (with examples for each)
You mentioned a few here, I suppose, there could be a full list already somewhere. :)